 This
breed is similar to the Barrosa and is found in Entrino, South Orense
and Galicia in Spain. The Cachena has a mature weight of the females of
255 kg and only 112 cm tall and males stand 114 cm and weigh 375 kg.
The Cachena is not a dwarf but a miniature with a
well-proportioned body and big lyre-shaped horns. These animals live on
poor granite soil and are very hardy. |
|
 Canadienne
cattle were developed in Canada primarily from animals imported from
Normandy and Brittany during the 16th and 17th century. This stock was
blended on this continent and selected for hardiness and productivity in
the New World. The first regular importations of cattle into Canada
were in 1608-1610 from Normandy in France. Later importations came from
Brittany and Gascony. The population remained largely closed to other
breeds and eventually became known as the Canadienne.
Unfortunately, the breed's characteristics were not
highly valued and by the mid-1800's a number of influential farmers were
encouraging the crossing of the native Canadienne with bigger imported
breeds less adapted to local environmental conditions. In 1895 a small
group of concerned breeders and academics joined to form the Canadienne
Cattle Breeders Association. In recent years the Quebec government has
initiated several programs aimed at conserving the breed and encouraging
the breeders to continue. Most breeders and their cattle continue to be
found in the province of Quebec.
The Canadienne is well adapted to the Canadian climate,
soil and herbage and does not require the importation of expensive
foods or intensive management. It is small (cows weigh 1000-1100
pounds), long-lived and has an exceptionally docile temperament.
Canadiennes produce good quantities of quality milk in relation to their
own body size and food requirements. The meat tends to be lean, and the
light bone results in a high percentage of usable meat in relation to
total body weight.
Born pale, Canadienne cattle become black or dark brown,
often with paler muzzle, side, and udder or scrotum. There may
occasionally be white on the udder, stomach and chest. |
|
This breed is found on the
Canary Islands off the coast of northwest Africa. They are reddish in
coloration and are thought to of originated from the Galician Blond.
These cattle were brought to the islands in the last part of the
fifteenth century.
Some source site evidence that these cattle, brought to
Santa Domingo in 1493 by the Spaniards, was the first breed brought to
the New World.
Female Canary Island cattle average 148 cm in height and
575 kg in weight. The bulls are larger, standing 152 cm and weighing
800 kg.
[Oklahoma State University] |
|
 The
Canchim breed is the result of scientific work, which aimed at
obtaining economically, the best quality beef under Central Brazilian
conditions, research continues even today, making the Canchim breed the
most studied in Brazil. The Canchim bull, serving pasture bred zebu
cows, produce early fast growing products, thereby attaining the end to
which it was developed, being outstanding compared to other breeds,
under the same number of calves, however heavier and of superior
quality. Compared to European breeds, the Canchim bull produces calves
with the same weight but in large quantity. The early fast growing
products, the result of pasture crossbred zebu cows with Canchim bulls,
can be slaughtered at 18 months old if in feedlots after weaning, up to
24 months old if in feedlots after grazing and at 30 months if bred
exclusively grazing on the range.
Zebu cattle (Bos Indicus), introduced to Brazil in the
last century, were extensively crossbred with herds of native cattle.
The Indian cattle well known for its ability to survive in the tropics,
adapted quickly to Brazil, and in a short time populated large areas,
considerably improving Brazilian beef cattle breeding.
Despite of its rusticity, zebu cattle was found inferior
to the European breeds in respect to being prococious and yield of
meat. It became clear that the beef cattle population required genetic
improvement.
Simply placing European beef cattle (Bos Taurus), highly
productive in temperate climates, in Central Brazil, would not produce
good results, due to their inability to adapt to a tropical environment.
Besides the climate, other factors such as the high occurrence of
parasites, disease and the very low nutritional value of the native
forage.
he European breed used in the information of Canchim
cattle was Charolais. According to research at that time, Charolais
cattle was chosen because of its high yield and for being the only
European breed specifically for beef, and to present conditions to adapt
to Central Brazil. In 1992 the Ministry of Agriculture imported
Charolais cattle to the State of Goias, where they remained till 1936,
when they were transferred to Sao Carlos in the State of Sao Paulo,
today the Canchim Farm of the Government Research Station, Embrapa. From
this herd originated the dams and sires utilized in the program of
crossbreeding.
The main zebu breed which contributed to the information
to the Canchim was the Indobrazil, although Guzera and Nelore where
also used. Preference was given to the Indobrazil breed, due to the ease
of obtaining large herds, and reasonable prices, which would have been
difficult with Gir, Nelore or Guzera. The alternative crossbreeding
programs initialized in 1940 by Dr. Antonio Teixeira Viana had the
objective of obtaining first, crossbreeds 5/8 Charolais and 3/8 Zebu and
second, 3/8 Charolais x 5/8 Zebu, and evaluate which of the two schemes
was the most indicated. The total number of Zebu cows utilized to
produce the half-breeds was 368, of which 292 were Indubrazil, 44 Guzera
and 32 Nelore.
All the animals produced were reared exclusively on the
range. A control of parasites was done every 15 days and the animals
were weighed at birth and monthly. The females weighed up to 30 months
and males up to 40 months.
The data collected during various years of work,
permitted an evaluation of the various degrees of crossbreeding. The
conclusion was that the 5/8 Charolais and 3/8 Zebu was the most
suitable, presenting an excellent frame for meat, precocious, resistance
to heat and parasites, and a uniform coat.
The first crossbreed animals with the degree of blood
5/8 Charolais and 3/8 Zebu born in 1953. Thus was born a new type of
beef cattle for Central Brazil, with the name Canchim, derived from the
name of a tree very common in the region where the breed was developed.
It was not until 1971 that the Brazilian Association of
Canchim Cattle Breeders (ABCCAN) was formed, and on the 11th November
1972 the Herd Book was initiated. On the 18th May 1983 the Ministry of
Agriculture, recognized Canchim type cattle as a Breed. [Oklahoma State University]. Images from: www.canchim.com.br, www.bichoonline.com.br, www.trekearth.com |
|
 Also
known as the Austrian Blond, this dairy and meat breed is found in
Austria and is a draft type. It is nearly white in color. |
|
| Carreñana see Asturian Valley |
|
 This
breed is named for the northern part of the mountain range that
separates Europe and Asia. Caucasian cattle are hardy mountain animals
found from Georgia to Dagestan. They are probably related to the cattle
of Asia Minor with which they share the characteristics of raised
withers and a low back.
Pure Caucasian animals are black to gray-brown.
|
|
| Ch'in-ch'uan see Qinchuan |
|
| Chad see Kuri |
|
 The Channi is one of the premium draft breeds of Pakistan and India. |
|
 The
Charbray is the results of the blending of two breeds, the Charolais
and the Brahman. The Charbray is 5/8 Charolais and 3/8 Brahman. The hump
of the Brahman is almost non-existent, but the loose skin and enlarged
dewlap are indications of the Bos indicus blood in this breed.
The Charbray is a large, very rugged breed that is
heavily muscled in the loin and quarters. They have been well accepted
in those areas where cattle carrying at least some Brahman breeding are
desired because of hot and humid conditions.
Charbray is a large to moderately sized breed with very
good growth rates on their calves. The calves are generally light tan
when born but usually lighten to a creamy white in a few weeks. The
Charbray bull is reported to be structurally sound and have the ability
to travel the distances required of bulls in hot humid environments.
They have been selected for clean, tight sheaths, fertility and early
testicular development. The Charbray female is also said fertile and
early maturing, reaching puberty at 14-17 months and calving at or near
two years of age with rapid rebreeding and good milk production.
In research at Texas A&M University Agricultural
Research Center, McGregor, Texas, Charbray out-performed all other
breeds tested for a 180-day weaning weight-both as a straightbred calf
and when Charbray bulls were used on seven different breeds of dams.
Sources indicate the Charbray calves show excellent
performance in the feedlot. Their resistance to heat, humidity,
parasites and diseases is to their benefit in southern feedlots. They
grow rapidly and have outstanding feed converting ability. They reach
slaughter weights at 12 to 15 months and produce lean, yield grade 1 and
2 carcasses that require little or no fat trimming. |
|
 The
Charolais originated in west-central to southeastern France, in the old
French provinces of Charolles and neighboring Nievre. The exact origins
of the Charolais are lost to us but it must have been developed from
cattle found in the area. Legend has it that white cattle were first
noticed in the region as early as 878 A.D., and by the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries were well and favorably known in French markets,
especially at Lyon and Villefranche. Selection developed a white breed
of cattle which, like other cattle of continental Europe, were used for
draft, milk and meat.
The cattle were generally confined to the area in which
they originated until the French Revolution. But, in 1773, Claude
Mathieu, a farmer and cattle producers from the Charolles region, moved
to the Nievre province, taking his herd of white cattle with him. The
breed flourished there, so much so that the improved cattle were known
more widely as Nivemais cattle for a time than by their original name of
Charolais.
One of the early influential herds in the region was
started in 1840 by the Count Charles de Bouille. His selective breeding
led him to set up a herd book in 1864 for the breed at Villars near the
village of Magny-Cours. Breeders in the Charolles vicinity established a
herd book in 1882. The two societies merged in 1919, with the older
organization holding the records of the later group into their
headquarters at Nevers, the capital of the Nievre province.
The French have long selected their cattle for size and
muscling. They selected for bone and power to a greater extent than was
true in the British Isles. The French breeders stressed rapid growth in
addition to cattle that would ultimately reach a large size. These were
men that wanted cattle that not only grew out well but could be
depended upon for draft power. Little attention was paid to refinement,
but great stress was laid on utility.
The Charolais of France are white in color, horned,
long bodied, and good milkers with a general coarseness to the animal
not being uncommon.
Introduction to the United States
Soon after the First World War, a young Mexican
industrialist of French name and ancestry, Jean Pugibet, brought some of
the French cattle to his ranch in Mexico. He had seen the Charolais
cattle during World War I while serving as a French army volunteer and
was impressed by their appearance and productivity. He arranged for a
shipment of two bulls and 10 heifers to Mexico in 1930. Two later
shipments in 1931 and 1937 increased the total number to 37 - eight
bulls and 29 females. Not long after the last shipment, Pugibet died and
no further imports were attempted.
The first Charolais to come into the United States from
Mexico are believed to be two bulls, Neptune and Ortolan, which were
purchased from Pugibet by the King Ranch in Texas and imported in June
1936. Later imports of bulls were owned by some of the early "pioneers"
in the industry: Harl Thomas, Fred W. Turner, C.M. "Pete" Frost, M.G.
Michaelis Sr., and I.G. "Cap" Yates, all of Texas, J.A. "Palley" Lawton
of Louisiana, and others.
In the mid-1940s an outbreak of Hoof and Mouth Disease
occurred in Mexico. As a result, a treaty between the United States,
Canada and Mexico set up a permanent quarantine against cattle coming
into any of these countries from Europe or any country in which Hoof and
Mouth Disease was known to exist. This barred any further importation
of French Charolais on this continent until 1965 when Canada opened the
import doors via rigid quarantine both in France and in Canada.
Development in the United States
Until the mid-1960s, all the Charolais in Mexico, the
United States and Canada were descendants of this initial Pugibet herd.
Due to the limited number of original animals and the import
restrictions which were in place, they have been crossed on other cattle
in an upgrading process. Because of the use of the upgrading process
few of the Charolais cattle currently found in the United State are of
pure French breeding. With the lightening of the import restrictions in
Canada in the mid-1960's fullblood Charolais were again imported from
France. This allowed for the importation of new bloodlines from France.
This meant new genetic material for tightly-bred Charolais pedigrees of
the time. Several breeding herds were estabilished in Canada, as well as
the island of Eleuthera, in the Bahamas. Japan, England and Ireland
also imported purebred Charolais directly from France. Offspring from
these herds were later imported to the United States.
American Charolais are referred to as "purebred" or
"recorded" depending upon the percentage of known Charolais blood. The
term purebred is used on those that carry 31/32 or more Charolais blood
and those less than 31/32 can be referred to as recorded. People wishing
to develop a herd will still find it possible to upgrade, using
purebred Charolais sires, a foundation cow herd of one of the other
cattle breeds or their crosses. Five generations of purebred bulls are
required to produced the 31/32 level for classification as "purebred".
Sires used in the grading-up process must be registered. The offspring
from the first as well as succeeding generations must be registered as
"recorded" until they reach the 31/32 level at which time they are
referred to as purebred.
It has been said that no other breed has impacted the
North American beef industry so significantly as the introduction of
Charolais. The Charolais came into widespread use in the United States
cattle industry at a time when producers were seeking larger framed,
heavier cattle than the traditional British breeds. The increased use on
the range indicates that the cows have performed well under a variety
of environmental conditions. Their ability to walk, graze aggressively
in warm weather, withstand reasonable cold, and raise heavy calves has
drawn special praise from many that have them. Bulls have developed a
well-earned reputation when used in grading-up for herd improvement.
This is especially noted when they are used in herds where size and
ruggedness are lacking
Charolais are white or creamy white in color, but the
skin carries appreciable pigmentation. The hair coat is usually short in
summer but thickens and lengthens in cold weather. Charolais is a
naturally horned beef animal. But through the breeding-up program, where
naturally polled breeds were sometimes used as foundation animals,
polled Charolais have emerged as an important part of the breed.
Charolais cattle are large with mature bulls weighing from 2,000 to well
over 2,500 pounds and cows weigh from 1,250 to over 2,000 pounds. |
|
 The
Chianina (pronounced kee-a-nee-na) may well be one of the oldest breeds
of cattle in existence. They were praised by the Georgic poets,
Columella and Vergil, and were the models for Roman sculptures.
The breed originated primarily in the west central
part of Italy and was found in a wide variety of environmental
conditions. Because of this, the cattle vary in size and type from
region to region. The largest representatives of the breed, from the
plains of Arezzo and Siena, have supplied most of the foundation stock
that has been used in the United States and Canada. The name comes from
the Chiana Valley in the province of Tuscany in Central Italy.
Until recent times the Chianina were used primarily as
draft animals in their homeland. With the advent of modern mechanized
farming practices they selection emphasis has been placed on the breeds
ability to produce beef. The earlier selection for work animals had
produced a very large breed with considerable length of leg, good
action, and heavy muscling. Good dispositions were also desired in the
draft animals. The later selections for beef production has maintained
the size of the breed and improved the rate of growth.
U.S. servicemen, stationed in Italy during World War
II, discovered Chianina. In 1971, Chianina genetics were introduced to
the U.S. when the first semen was imported from Italy. Diaceto I was the
first Italian fullblood bull to be collected. The first Chianina born
in the U.S. was a black half-blood Chianina x Angus/Holstein bull calf.
He was born January 31, 1972, at the Tannehill Ranch, King City, CA.
For the first few years, Chianina genetics were
attainable only through semen. United States Department of Agriculture
regulations prohibited the importation of cattle from countries having
Foot and Mouth disease, and Italy was one of those countries. A private
quarantine station was established in Italy where semen was collected,
processed and shipped to breeders in the U.S. For a one year period, 17
young Chianina bulls were admitted and their semen collected.
Another avenue for obtaining fullblood Chianina semen
was from Canadian breeders. Although Italian Chianina were not allowed
to move into the U.S. from Canada, U.S. breeders could import semen. In
1973, Italian fullblood Chianina were exported from Canada into this
country.
Physical Characteristics:
Fullblood Chianina have short hair that varies from white
to steel gray in color. Bulls are often a darker gray around their
front ends. Both sexes have black pigmented skin, points and mucosa. The
short horns curve forward and are usually black in the younger animals
but become lighter, beginning at the base, as the animals mature.
The most noticeable characteristic of the breed is the
extensive and well-defined muscling. The shoulders, back and rear
quarters are especially well formed. The legs are longer than most
breeds and the bodies are not proportionally as long as some breeds that
have shorter legs. The faces are rather long and straight. These
characteristics give a distinctive appearance
The breed is often referred to as a "terminal" breed
by cattlemen. This infers that the primary use of the breed is as the
sire to animals which will all be marketed. The herds they are used in
are frequently crossbred and the Chianina bulls provide an outstanding
growth rate in the offspring of these crossbred females.
Cows of the breed often have small udders and are not
noted for their milk production. This is not surprising as they were
originally valued for draft and later for meat production. |
|
 The Chinampo is found in Southern California and Mexico.
Criolo type; usually white with black markings. |
|
| Chinchuan', Chinchwan see Qinchuan |
|
 Chinese
black-and-White dairy cattle were first introduced to some large cities
of China in the 1870's, from USA, UK, Germany, Canada and Japan, and
differed in body size and conformation according to country of orgin.
Large type Holsteins have been imported from USA since 1945, after the
Second World War; Dutch Black Pied have been introduced from the
Netherlands since 1950. Purebred bulls were used in grading-up on local
cows, continuous selective breeding being practiced amoung superior
crossbred offspring for generations. Thus developed, the Chinese
Black-and-White is now distributed throughout the country.
Body Measurements
Body size of the Chinese Black-and-White varies
according to the orgin of sires used in crossbreeding, and the cattle
may be roughly grouped into three types; large, medium, and small. Large
type cows, with an average height of 169 cm, mainly originated from the
American and Canadian Holsein; the medium type, with an average height
of 133 cm, are primarily developed from the Japanese and German
Black-and-White, while the small type, with and average body height of
130 cm, are offspring from the Friesian sires of the Netherlands. The
crossbreds are intermingled, however, and no definite ancestors can now
be distinctly traced.
Milk Production
The Black-and-White Dairy Cattle Association estimated an average of 4461 kg per lactation for 270,000 mature cows.
The highest individual record has been 16,090 kg
(305-day basis) by Cow No. 1098 in her 4th lactation at the East Suburbs
Dairy Farm, Beijing, in 1970. The highest lifetime record has been
100,897 kg of milk in 3721 days over 10 lactations by Cow No. 644 from
the Zhongshan Dairy Farm, Nanjing. Another two cows from the East
Suburbs Farm, Beijing, each gave a total milk production of more than
100,000 kg of milk in 11 and 13 lactations respectively.
Average fat percentages are 3.3 and 3.4.
Meat Production
An average dressing percentage of 51 and a meat
percentage of 39 were obtained from 8 mature cows at the Central China
Agriculture College, Wuhan. |
|
 The
Cholistani is a multi-purpose breed, being used for both meat and milk
and as a draft animal. They are Zebu or Bos indicus cattle and are found
in the Cholistan desert in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Cholistani are usually
speckled red, brown or black. They are of recent origin and are thought
to have been derived from the crossing of Sahiwal with the local cattle. |
|
| Coastal Polled see Romosinuano |
|
| Cornigero de la costa see Costeño con Cuernos (below) |
|
 The
Corriente can be traced back to the first cattle brought to the new
world by the Spanish as early as 1493. These cattle were hardy breeds
chosen especially to withstand the ocean crossing and adapt to their new
land. They were brought to the West Indies and south Florida, as well
as to Central and South America. Over the centuries the descendants of
these cattle bred for different purposes - milk, meat and draft animals.
They also adapted through natural selection to the various regions in
which they lived. Eventually, their descendants spread across the
southern U.S. and up the coast of California.
In the early 1800's, European and other breeds were
introduced to the new world, and by the 1900's many ranchers in the
Americas were upgrading their herds with modern beef cattle. Nearly pure
descendants of the original Spanish cattle almost disappeared, but some
managed to survive with little human care or intervention in remote
areas of Central and South America, and in very limited numbers in some
areas of the southern U.S.
Today there is evidence of a worldwide growing interest
in preserving various strains of these hardy, native cattle. Cattle
associations in Spain, South America and Florida are making efforts
similar to the N.A.C.A.'s to recognize their attributes, though few
actually support registries.
The Name "Corriente": In Central and South America, the
various descendants of the early Spanish cattle are generally referred
to as "Criollo." In parts of northern Mexico, they are often called
"Corriente," although this term is frequently used for any small cattle
of indiscriminate breeding and not just for the type of cattle
recognized by the N.A.C.A. "Corriente" became the most common term used
at the border to refer to the cattle purchased for rodeo use.
Consequently, most North American cattlemen, ropers and doggers know
this name, and it was chosen by the founders of the N.A.C.A. to be used
for this registry.
John E. Rouse, in his book, World Cattle, Vol. III, Cattle of North America, explains the names used in Mexico.
"Descendants of the original Spanish cattle, little
influenced by modern breeds, are now seen only in the remote parts of
the country. These are generally known as Criollo cattle, although in
the state of Sonora the term Corriente is more common, and in Baja
California the word Chinampo is used. All these terms, meaning "common
cattle" or "cattle of the country" are applied to more or less pure
descendants of the Spanish cattle, as well as to the indiscriminate
mixtures of these and more recently introduced breeds.
In Florida, the few remaining small, native cattle -
cousins of the Mexican Corriente are called Scrub cattle or Cracker
cattle, and similar cattle in Louisiana are called Swamp cattle.
Regardless of the name, the N.A.C.A. has made great
inroads toward defining, describing and preserving these cattle as a
specific breed. |
|
 The
Costeño con Cuernos are of the Criollo type and were developed from
Spanish cattle as a draft animal and milk production. The breed is
usually red or orange, sometimes chestnut, with lyre shaped horns.
Cows weight approximately 500 kg at maturity and bulls
700 to 750 kg. The Romosinuano breed of northern Columbia was developed
from this breed
Article Credit: http://www.moocow.com/info/breedsofcows/c.breedsofcows.shtml |
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